Women’s Economic Roles in Islamic Law: The Economic Participation of Muslim Women – Shaykha Rukayya Samsodien
This is the second in a series of articles based on the On-Demand Course Women’s Economic Roles in Islamic Law which offers a deep dive into the economic roles and responsibilities of women as outlined in Islamic sacred law by examining both historical and contemporary perspectives.
We have already explored some of the key legal and financial aspects related to Muslim women, and now I’d like to delve into the everyday practicalities Muslim women face in today’s world, especially regarding their roles in economic participation.
In today’s world, the landscape for Muslim women is ever-changing. We live in what is often referred to as a modern world, and while striving to live in accordance with Islamic teachings, many Muslim women wonder how they can balance their deen with the financial and social realities of today. The key question many have is: how does Islam view women who wish to contribute economically, either to support their families or their communities?
A Balanced Perspective in Islam
As Muslim women, our primary goal is to live a life that pleases Allah. We want to contribute to the deen, strive to become better Muslims, and engage in activities that serve the community. Many women aim to memorize the Quran, pursue Islamic studies, and worship in ways that earn Allah’s favor. Yet, alongside this spiritual aspiration, some women also seek financial independence or want to contribute economically to their families and the broader community.
In Surah Al-Qasas, Allah commands, “And seek, with what Allah has given you, the home of the Hereafter, but do not forget your portion of this world” (28:77). This verse beautifully encapsulates the balance we must strive for – seeking the Akhirah (Hereafter) while not neglecting our responsibilities and participation in the world.
Economic Participation: A Broader Definition
Economic participation for Muslim women is not limited to formal employment or traditional notions of work. Many of our mothers and grandmothers, although they may not have worked in the formal labor market, contributed significantly to the economic activity of their households and communities. For instance, when they organized community events, helped run mosque fundraisers, or prepared meals for gatherings, they were participating in economic activity – albeit informally.
Islam also allows flexibility depending on a woman’s circumstances. For instance, a married woman with several young children may not find full-time work suitable during that phase of life. However, as her children grow older and become more independent, she may choose to contribute financially to her household. This dynamic balance ensures that the family’s well-being remains the priority, while also allowing women to engage in fulfilling economic pursuits.
The Post-COVID Innovation Boom
The COVID-19 pandemic was a period of innovation and entrepreneurship for many women. During this time, we saw a surge in small businesses and creative ways of earning income from home. Muslim women, like others, adapted to the new circumstances and started participating in the economy in novel ways. This innovation in economic participation is a reflection of women’s ability to balance home responsibilities with community contributions, all while adhering to Islamic guidelines.
Should Women Work?
A question often arises: should women work? The answer is nuanced. In Islam, a woman is not obligated to work if her financial needs are being met by her father, husband, or male guardian. However, there are situations where a woman may need or choose to work—perhaps to support her family, her community, or even to achieve personal fulfillment.
Islam allows women to work, but within the framework of Islamic values. A woman can engage in economic activities as long as she maintains her modesty, safeguards her dignity, and avoids prohibited situations, such as unnecessary seclusion with men. Women are encouraged to pursue professions where they can contribute meaningfully to society, such as healthcare, education, and entrepreneurship.
The Need for Women in Professional Spaces
In today’s world, it would be difficult to imagine a functioning society without the participation of women in various professional spaces. For example, in healthcare, Muslim women often prefer to seek medical care from female doctors, particularly in sensitive fields like gynecology. The presence of women in these professions is essential for maintaining the modesty and comfort of other women.
Likewise, in the field of mental health, women are needed as psychologists and counselors to provide support in a culturally and religiously appropriate manner. It’s uncomfortable for many women to share their intimate thoughts and struggles with a male psychologist in a private setting. Therefore, it’s crucial to have women in these roles to meet the needs of the community.
The Role of Women in Islamic Education
Even in the realm of Islamic education, the presence of female teachers is vital. Imagine sending your daughter to study the Quran with a male teacher in a one-on-one setting for extended periods. It is far more appropriate, and in line with Islamic guidelines, for female students to have female teachers when possible. The participation of women in these fields ensures that Islamic values are upheld while fulfilling the educational needs of the community.
Historical Context and Modern Perspectives
In discussions of Islamic history, the contributions of women often go overlooked. However, a closer examination reveals that women held significant positions and played vital roles in the early Muslim community. Some commentators liken these roles to that of a minister of finance today, highlighting the leadership and economic influence women had in their communities.
Women like Um Sulaym and others from the Ansar were known to accompany the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in battles, where they provided crucial support. They nursed the wounded, cared for the sick, and ensured that soldiers were fed. This was not merely a passive role; these women actively participated in shaping the early Islamic community.
The Sahabiyat (female companions) of the Prophet were known for their various skills, including sewing and crafting. Many of them worked as seamstresses and engaged in activities like knitting and crocheting, showcasing their multifaceted contributions to society. This legacy of women’s active participation remains relevant today, demonstrating the importance of their roles in both domestic and communal life.
Historically, women in Islam have played significant roles in economic, social, and political spheres. The story of Shifa bint Abdullah (Allah be pleased with her), who was appointed by the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (Allah be pleased with him) to oversee the marketplace, a role similar to that of a modern-day minister of finance. This position demonstrated the trust and respect accorded to women’s capabilities in financial management and public service during the time of the early Islamic community.
Women also contributed to healthcare and social welfare. The maternal aunt of Jabir ibn Abdullah (Allah be pleased with him), another prominent Sahabi, took on the responsibility of harvesting date trees during her waiting period (`iddah`) after divorce. The Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon him) encouraged her to continue this work, acknowledging the importance of economic independence and ensuring that women had the means to support themselves.
Challenging Social Norms: Independent Thought or Cultural Influence?
Many Muslim women today may feel conflicted about seeking permission from their husbands before working, often perceiving it as a restriction on their independence. However, it is essential to recognize that these feelings are shaped by both personal beliefs and external influences, such as media, culture, and social norms. Western values of individualism often shape perceptions of independence, which may not fully align with the Islamic perspective of family and community interdependence.
In an Islamic framework, the idea of permission is grounded in mutual respect, cooperation, and ensuring that the family’s spiritual and material needs are met. This system emphasizes the importance of partnership and shared responsibility in a marriage. While the husband is traditionally seen as the head of the household, this role should be exercised with compassion, consideration, and a genuine understanding of his wife’s aspirations.
The Role of Intention and Community Impact
For women actively participating in the workforce, intentions play a pivotal role. Engaging in work solely for financial gain can detract from the broader purpose of serving Allah and contributing positively to society. Instead, by framing their efforts as acts of worship and a means to serve the community, women can create a meaningful impact.
As noted by scholars, engaging in economic activities can serve as a form of dawah (inviting others to Islam). By conducting themselves with dignity and professionalism, Muslim women can become ambassadors of their faith, illustrating that one can be both a professional and a devout Muslim.
Rules of Engagement in Work Environments
For Muslim women entering the workforce, several key considerations emerge regarding the work environment:
- Safety: A safe workplace is paramount. Women often transition from their father’s or husband’s home to the workplace, where male guardians have a duty to ensure their safety. Thus, understanding the concept of mahram (male guardian) in this context serves to protect women and honor their dignity.
- Halal Income: It is vital for women to ensure that their sources of income are halal (permissible). While complete assurance of a company’s operations being halal might be challenging, striving to engage in work that adheres to Islamic principles is essential.
- Modest Dress Code: The concept of hijab extends beyond a mere headscarf; it encompasses a modest dress code and a way of conducting oneself. A modest dress code should avoid revealing one’s figure or skin, promoting the understanding that hijab represents an inner modesty as well.
- Behavior and Conduct: Modesty also applies to a woman’s behavior, including her speech and interaction with colleagues. Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of a respectful demeanor, particularly in mixed-gender settings. This includes being mindful of the tone of one’s voice to avoid any implications of seduction or enticement.
- Avoiding Seclusion: Muslim women should be cautious about engaging in khalwa (seclusion) with male colleagues. Meetings should be held in public or semi-public spaces, ensuring the presence of others whenever possible to maintain a respectful atmosphere.
- Ability to Practice Deen: A work environment that permits the practice of Islam, such as praying during work hours or wearing hijab, is crucial. Thankfully, many workplaces today, especially in more inclusive societies, accommodate these needs.
Ultimately, Islam provides a framework that respects women’s contributions while upholding their dignity and safety. By adhering to these principles, Muslim women can thrive in various roles, enriching their communities while fulfilling their responsibilities to Allah.
May Allah grant us understanding and balance in all our endeavors, both economic and otherwise.
